The Beginning of the History: The Emergence of History (Religions, Philosophy, and Empire) Action or Reaction, Evolution or Rupture

Philosophers such as Hegel and Jaspers, with different concepts, consider the millennium BC as the beginning of the era of real history or axial period of history. In their view, the true history of humanity begins in this period and everything before that belongs to prehistoric times. For this reason, this period is introduced as a transition from Pre-civilization to civilization, nature to culture (Philosophy and religions), and it is called evolution and progression. However, they have no answer to what caused this transformation or evolution. What is the thoughtless domain of thoughtful history? Was history action or reaction? If it was a reaction, what was the reaction against? The purpose of this article is to critique this theory and to show that the millennium BC was not only evolution and progression but also a rupture and retreat and also history was not action but reaction. History refers to the emergence of the soul in the form of religion and philosophy, both of which, on one hand, were reactions due to hatred or ignorance, on the other hand, were because of political competition. It means, philosophy in Plato was the ideology of class domination that he called democracy as the government of the ignorant as well as religion in Zoroastrianism was the ideology of ethnic domination.

 

Dr.Zakaria (Heresh) Qaderi

Keywords: History, Axial Period, Philosophy, Religion and Empire, Evolution

 

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3802114

Cyrus, from Myth to Reality

Cyrus is the king whose history has become poetry. The narrations presented about him and his performance are not compatible with the personality of the ruler who has spent all his life engaged in the seizure of other countries. But where have the roots of these narratives originated from in which Cyrus and the entire Persians empire have been interpreted in terms of kindness and instead of plunder, have been marked with the scientific and historical badge? Why did such an aggressive person become known as a savior? The objective of this essay is to discuss how was the story of Cyrus' human rights constructed.

Dr.Zakaria (Heresh) Qaderi

 

Keywords: History. Narrations. Cyrus. Mythos

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3838265

Comparing the forms of three Iranian/Zoroastrian, Arabic/Islamic, and Kurdish/Mithraist governments

The Middle East is burning in the inflammation of ethnic and religious crises. On the one hand, old empires are being revived in the guise of modern Nation-State: the Iranian government is trying to revive the old Persian Empire with the ideology of the Shiite crescent/Helal, as well as the Arabs with the ideology of Islam in the form of ISIS or nationalism in the form of Baath and Saddam. Similarly, Turkey is reviving with the ideology of neo-Ottomans. On the other hand, the relative democracy of Kurdish regional governments in Iraq (Bashor) and Syria (Rojava) are under threat and pressure from all three governments. What are the political and cultural roots of the Middle East crises? Why every effort to the renaissance in the Middle East contrary to the west instead of democracy and progress led to fundamentalism despotism. In answer, many views and analyses have been presented that unfortunately lack a theoretical and historical basis. The purpose of this article is to understand the conceptual-historical roots of crises in the Middle East by comparing the three state religions of Iran/Zoroastrianism-Shia, Arab/Islam, and Kurdish/Mithras in the past present that determined their future, which is rooted in their Political imagination and cultural and historical unconscious. Ethnic will is the main cause of the crisis, which is in the illusion of reproducing the greatness of the old empires and uses government and religion as tools.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3838396